The Discoverer of Rapamune®

Dr. SUREN N. SEHGAL, M. Pharm., Ph.D.

Distinguished Research Fellow (retired)

Wyeth-Ayerst Research

Princeton, New Jersey,  USA

Career Achievements:

•  Discovered SIROLIMUS (rapamycin, Rapamune) and developed the process for its production; identified its immunosuppressive activity and proposed its use in organ transplantation and autoimmunity. 

•  Coordinated preclinical pharmacology of rapamycin which resulted in an IND submission and established Wyeth-Ayerst internationally as a leader in immunosuppression.  Sirolimus has been approved world wide for the prophylaxis of renal graft rejection. 

•   Discovered myriocin, ravidomycin, and naphthyridinomycin, three antibiotics that have found an application in biochemical research.  A semi synthetic analog of myriocin (FTY-720)  is being developed by Novartis as an immunosuppressive agent.

Awards:

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1990 Wyeth-Ayerst  Discovery and Development Award:  “For outstanding contributions made to     our research efforts during 1989" 

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1993 Wyeth-Ayerst  Exceptional Achievement Award: “In recognition of outstanding personal achievement and contribution to drug discovery at Wyeth-Ayerst Research”

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1995  Clinical Recognition Award:  “For ideas and scientific achievements that have contributed  to discovery and development of rapamycin ”

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1997 Lifetime Achievement Award. “For his outstanding landmark contribution in discovering an effective immunosuppressive drug for organ transplantation.”  Awarded by The Indian Society of organ Transplantation.

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1997 Elected  Fellow of American Academy Of Microbiology.

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1998 Distinguished Scientist Award.  Kidney Diseases Institute, Ahmedabad.

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1998 Spirit of Edison Award

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1999 Exceptional Achievement Award “ for discovery and development of Rapamune”.  American Home Products Corporation

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2000 Lifetime Achievement Award.  Awarded by The Canadian Transplantation Society at annual meeting, March, 2000, Mont-Tremblant. Canada.

 

 

Education:

Banaras University, Banaras, India

1952 - B. Pharm.

1953 - M. Pharm.

 

Bristol University Medical School, Bristol, England

1957 - Ph.D. Microbiology and Immunology

 

Professional Activities and affiliations

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1995    Member, International Consensus Panel on Immuno-suppressive Drugs.

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1995     Section Editor, Principles of Drug Development in Transplantation  and Autoimmunity.  R.G. Landers, 1996. 

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1995    Transplantation Society

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1995    Reviewer- Transplantation: Journal of Transplantation Society 

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1960    American Society for Microbiology

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1976    Society for Industrial Microbiology

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1976    Chemical Institute of Canada

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1979    Canadian College of Microbiologists

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1989    American Association for the Advancement of Science

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1956-1962       Society for General Microbiology, England

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1958-1990       Canadian Society of Microbiologists

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1984-1990       New York Academy of Sciences

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1984-1990       Environmental Mutagen Society

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1991 -1994      Member of Editorial Board, Journal of Industrial Microbiology

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1981-1987       Editorial Board Member, "Applied and Environmental Microbiology"

 

Invited Lectureships:

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2001   Invited speaker,  Transplantation Rounds, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Canada

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2001  Invited speaker, Transplantation rounds, National Institute of Health, Washington, DC.

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2001  Invited speaker, Transplantation rounds,  Johns Hopkins Transplant Center,  Baltimore, Maryland.

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2001  Invited speaker, Transplantation rounds,   University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.  Pittsburgh, PA

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2000  Invited speaker, Transplantation rounds,  University of Oregon Health Center.  Portland, OR

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2001  Invited speaker, Transplantation rounds,  University of Washington, Medical College, Seattle, WA.

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1999    Invited Speaker, Columbia and Cornell Medical Schools Transplantation Immunology Meeting- New York, NY

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1999    Invited Speaker, 1st Adlon Conference on organ transplantation, Berlin, Germany.

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1998    Invited Speaker, International Conference on Kidney Disease and Transplantation, Ahmedabad, India

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1998    Invited speaker, Institute of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan.

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1997    Invited Speaker, Frontiers in Immunosuppressive Therapy, Vancouver, B.C., Canada

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1997    Invited Speaker,  Transplantation Rounds, University of Wisconsin Medical School at Milwaukee.

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1997    Invited speaker at the annual meeting of Indian Society of Organ Transplantation, Chinnai, India

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1996    Faculty, 16th Annual Frontier Symposium of American College of Clinical Pharmacology, Monterey, CA.

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1996    Invited speaker,   2nd International Conference on New Immunosuppressive agents,  Geneva, Switzerland.

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1996    Invited speaker, European Congress of Chemotherapy, Glasgow, Scotland.

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1996    Invited speaker, Transplantation Rounds, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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1996    Invited speaker, Transplantation Division, Annual meeting of Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada,  Halifax, Canada.

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1996    Invited speaker, Transplantation rounds, University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC

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1995    Invited  Speaker, Rapamune: An Over View:  Mechanism of Action:  !995 International Consensus Conference on Immunosuppressive Drugs.   Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada.

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1993    Invited Speaker, "Immunosuppressive profile of rapamycin," New York Academy of Sciences Symposium on Immunosuppression and Anti-Inflammatory drugs, Orlando, FL

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1992    Invited Speaker, "In vitro immunological profile of rapamycin,"  3rd International Conference on Drug Research in Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Washington, DC

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1992    Invited Speaker, "Preclinical immunopharmacology of rapamycin," Organ and Cell Transplantation (IBC Conference), Boston, MA

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1992    Member of Scientific Board, Workshop on Rapamycin (Aug. '92)

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1987    Convener and Speaker, Symposium on "Microbial Transformation of Organic Compounds," Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial Microbiology, Baltimore, MD

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1985    Invited Speaker, "Application of Computers in Applied Microbiology," University of Quebec, Montreal, Quebec

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1982    Invited Lecturer, Biotechnology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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1982    Invited Speaker, "New Products - An Industrial Preoccupation," Institute Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec

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1981    Invited Speaker, Symposium on "Advances in Fermentation Technology," Canadian Society of Microbiologists, Ottawa, Ontario

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1977    Invited Speaker, Seminar on "Following Ongoing Fermentations," American Society for Microbiology, Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA

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1977    Invited Speaker, Symposium on "Transformation of Organic Compounds," International Congress of Mycology, Tampa, Florida

  

BIBLIOGRAPHY ARTICLES

(Publications from 1990 to 1999 are listed below)

 

1              Nelson F, Stachel SJ, Eng CP, Sehgal SN,  Manipulation of the C(22)-C(27) region of rapamycin: stability issues and biological implications Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9(2):295-300 (1999) 

2.      Vu MD, Qi S, Xu D, Wu J, Peng J, Daloze P, Sehgal S, Leduc B, Chen H, Synergistic effects of mycophenolate mofetil and sirolimus in prevention of acute heart, pancreas, and kidney allograft rejection and in reversal of ongoing heart allograft rejection in the rat, Transplantation 66(12):1575-1580 (1998)

3.            Chen H, Qi S, Xu D, Fitzsimmons WE. Bekersky, Sehgal SN, Daloze P, Combined Effect Of Rapamycin And FK 506 In Prolongation Of Small Bowel Graft Survival In The Mouse, Transplantation Proceedings 30(6):2579-2581 (1998)

4.            Pham, SM, Shears, LL, Kawaharada, N, Venkataramanan, R, Sehgal, S.  High Production Of Nitric Oxide As A Possible Mechanism By Which Rapamycin Prevents Transplant Arteriosclerosis.  Transplantation Proceedings Transplantation Proceedings 1998 Jun;30(4):953-9542  (1998)  

5.            Sehgal, SN.  Rapamune (RAPA, rapamycin, sirolimus): Mechanism Of Action; Immunosuppressive Effect Results From Blockade Of Signal Transduction And Inhibition Of Cell Cycle Progression, Clinical Biochemistry 31(5):335-340 (1998)

6.      Vu, D, M, Qi, S, Xu, D, Wu, J, Fitzsimmons, WE, Sehgal, SN, Dumont, L, Busque, S, Daloze, P, Chen, H.  Tacrolimus (FK506) And Sirolimus (Rapamycin) In Combination Are Not Antagonistic But Produce Extended Graft Survival In Cardiac Transplantation In The Rat.  Transplantation 64(12) 1-4 (1997)

7.      Blazar BR, Taylor PA, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Sehgal S, Vallera DA. In vivo inhibition of cytokine responsiveness and graft-versus-host disease mortality by rapamycin leads to a clinical-pathological syndrome discrete from that observed with cyclosporin A.  Blood, 87(9):4001-4009 (1996)

8.      Sehgal, SN, Sirolimus (Rapamycin, Rapamune):  A New Immunosuppressive Agent - An Historical Perspective and Immunosuppressive Profile.  In:  Lieberman & Mukerjee, editors.  Principles of Drug Design in Transplantation & Autoimmunity, 1996: 269.  R.G. Landers, Austin, Texas.

10.    Carlson, RP, Sehgal, SN.  Effects of Sirolimus in Animal Models of Arthritis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. In:  Lieberman & Mukerjee, editors.  Principles of Drug Design in Transplantation & Autoimmunity 1996:289.  R.G. Landers, Austin, Texas.

11.    DiJoseph, J, Sehgal, SN.  Sirolimus (Rapamycin):  A New Immunosuppressive, Agent Side Effect Profile in Animal Studies. In:  Lieberman & Mukerjee, editors.  Principles of Drug Design in Transplantation & Autoimmunity  1996:303.  R.G. Landers, Austin, Texas.

12.    DiJoseph,J, Fluhler, E, Armtrong, J, Sharr, M., Sehgal, SN.  Therapeutic Blood Levels of Sirolimus  (Rapamycin) in The Allografted Rat.  Transplantation 62(8): 1109-112 (1996)

13.    Sehgal SN, Camardo JS, Scarola JA, Maida MS. Rapamycin (sirolimus, Rapamune). Curr. Opin. Nephro. Hypertens, 4:482-487 (1995)

14.    Sehgal SN. Rapamune (Sirolimus, Rapamycin): An overview and mechanism of action. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 17(6):666-671 (1995)

15.   Yatscoff RW, Boeckx R, Holt DW, Kahan BD, Legatt DF, Sehgal S, Soldin SJ, et al. Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring of rapamycin: Report of the consensus panel. Therapeutic-Drug-Monitoring, 17(6): 676-680 (1995)

16.    Molnar-Kimber KL, Rhoad A, Warner L, Chen H, Sehgal SN. Comparison of effects of sirolimus on cytokine dependent and cytokine independent proliferation. Inflammation Research, 44(Suppl 2):S189-S190 (1995)

17.    Molnar-Kimber KL, Sehgal SN. Rapamycin(Sirolimus, Rapamune™): A novel Immunosuppressive Agent.Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995:31-64. (Kimball ES, ed. ImmunoPharmaceuticals

18.    Granger DK, Cromwell JW, Chen SC, Goswitz JJ, Morrow DT, Beierle FA, Sehgal SN, et al. Prolongation of Renal Allograft Survival in a Large Animal Model by Oral Rapamycin Monotherapy. Transplantation, 59(2):183-186 (1995)

19.    Chen H, Sehgal S, Daloze P, Wu J. Pretreatment of donors and graft with rapamycin: the effect on graft survival and tissue drug retention.  Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 76(1):321-323 (1995)

20.    Bansbach CC, Wancio D, Sehgal SN.  Sirolimus (rapamycin) inhibits mitogen-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in primary lymphocytes, Inflamm. Res. 44(Suppl 2):S179-S180 (1995)

21.    Sehgal, SN., Molnar-Kimber, KL, Ocain, T, Weichman, BM.  Rapamycin: A novel immunosuppressive macrolide.  Medicinal Research Reviews, 14(1): 1-22 (1994).

22     DiJoseph, JF, Mihatsch, MJ, Sehgal, SN.  Renal effects of rapamycin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.. Transplant International. 7:83-8 (1994)..

23.    Blazar, BR, Taylor, PA, Sehgal, SN, and Vallera, DA:  Rapamycin, a potent inhibitor of T-cell function, prevents graft rejection in murine recipients of allogeneic T-cell-depleted donor marrow.  Blood, 83:600-609 (1994) 

24.    Sehgal, S.N. Immunosuppressive profile of rapamycin.  Ann. of the NY Acad. of Sci., 698:1-8 (1993).

25     Carlson, RP,  Sehgal, SN, Lewis, AJ.  Rapamycin.  Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology. 11 Suppl 8:S129, (1993)

26.    Carlson, RP, Hartman, DA, Tomchek, LA, Walter, TL, Lugay, JR, Calhoun, W., Sehgal, SN, and Chang, JY.  Rapamycin, a new immunosuppressive macrolide, a potential disease-modifying antiarthritic drug.  J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 266;1125-38 (1993)

27.    Blazar, BR, Taylor, PA, Sehgal, SN, and Vallera, DA.  Rapamycin prolongs survival of murine recipients of fully allogeneic donor grafts when administered during the graft- vs. host disease.  Ann. NY. Acad. Science., 698:73-85 (1993)

28.    DiJoseph, JF, Mihatsch, MJ, and Sehgal, SN.  Influence of rat strain on rapamycin's kidney effects.  Transpl. Proc., 25:714-15 (1993).

29.    Blazar, BR, Taylor, PA, Sehgal, SN, Vallera, DA.  Murine recipients of fully mismatched donor marrow are protected from lethal graft-versus-host disease by the in vivo administration of rapamycin but develop an autoimmune-like syndrome.  J. Immunol., 151:5726-5741 (1993).

30.    Bansbach, CC, Wancio, D, Caccese, RG, Shen, CF, Sehgal, SN.  Rapamycin's inhibition of thymocyte proliferation, unlike that of cyclosporin A or prednisolone, is not associated with cytotoxicity.  Ann. NY. Acad. Sci., 698:114-16 (1993).

31.    Carlson, RP, Baeder, WL, Caccese, RG, Warner, LM, Sehgal, SN.  Effects of orally administered rapamycin in animal models of arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.  Ann. NY. Acad. Sci., 685:87-113 (1993).

32.    Sehgal, SN, Bansbach, CC.  Rapamycin:  A new immunosuppressive macrolide.  In vitro immunological profile.  Ann. NY. Acad. Sci., 685:58-67 (1993).

33.    Warner, LM, Lewis, GM, Weichman, BM, Sehgal, SN.  Rapamycin inhibits lymphocyte proliferation in a popliteal lymph node model via an IL-2 independent mechanism.  Ann. NY. Acad. Sci., 685:117-20 (1993).

34.    DiJoseph, JF, Sehgal, SN.  Functional and histopathologic effects of rapamycin on mouse kidney.  Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 15:45-56 (1993).

35.    DiJoseph, JF, Mihatsch, MJ, Sehgal, SN. Influence of rat strain on rapamycin's kidney effects. Transplantation Proceedings. 25(1 Pt1):714-5, (1993)

36.    Ocain, TD, Longhi, Steffan, RJ, Caccese, RG, Sehgal, SN.  A nonimmunosuppressive triene-modified rapamycin a potent inhibitor of peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase.  Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 192(3), 1340-1346 (1993).        

37.    Warner, LM, Adams, LM, Chang, JY, Sehgal, SN.  A modification of the in vivo mixed lymphocyte reaction and rapamcyin's effect in this model.  Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 64:242-47 (1992).

38.    Eng. CP, Gullo-Brown, J, Chang, JY and Sehgal, SN.  Inhibition of skin graft rejection in mice by rapamycin:  A novel immunosuppressive macrolide.  Transplantation Proceedings, 23(1):868-869 (1991).

39.    Chang, JY, Sehgal, SN, and Bansbach, CC.  FK-506 and rapamycin:  Novel pharmacological probes of the immune response.  Trends Pharmacol. Sci.,  12:218-223.(1991)

40.    Sehgal, SN and Chang, JY.  Rapamycin - A novel immunosuppressive agent.  SIM News,  41(5): 230-234 (1991).

41.    Kahan, BD, Chang, JY, and Sehgal, SN.  Preclinical evaluation of a new potent immunosuppressive agent, rapamycin.  Transplantation, 52(2):185-191 (1991).

42     Sehgal, SN. and Chang, JY.  Rapamycin:  A new immunosuppressive macrolide.  Transplantation and Immunology Letter, VII:1-12 (1990).

 

 

ABSTRACTS and PRESENTATIONS

(Abstracts presented only after 1990 are listed)

 

1.      Adams, L.M., Caccese, R., Cummons, T., Sehgal, S.N. and Chang, J.Y.  Effect of the immunosuppressants, rapamycin (RAPA) and cyclosporin A (CsA), on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice.  FASEB J. 4: A358, Washington, DC (1990).

2.      Carlson R., Calhoun, W. Lugay, J., Tomcheck, L., Walter, T., Gray, W., Chau, T. Chang, J., and Sehgal, S.N.  Immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory effects of rapamycin in rodent models of acute and chronic inflammation.  International Congress on Inflammation, Barcelona, Spain, June (1990).

3.      Carlson, R., Calhoun, W. Lugay, J., Tomcheck, L., Walter, T., Gray, W., Chau, T., Chang, J., and Sehgal, S.N.  Oral effect of rapamycin on T-cell-mediated inflammation in rodent models.  FASEB J. 4: A1021, Washington, DC, March (1990).

4.      Warner, L.M., Cummons, T.A., Adams, L.M., Sehgal, S.N., and Chang, J.Y.  Rapamycin restores concanavalin A responsiveness and interleukin-2 production by MRL/lpr splenocytes.  Keystone Conference, Lake Tahoe, CA, March (1991).

5.      Molnar-Kimber, K., Yonno, L., Casilioo-Lonardo, E., Bansbach, C., Sehgal, S.N., and Chang, J.  Effect of rapamycin on the release of IL-1b and TNFa from endotoxin-stimulated adherent human monocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies.  FASEB Summer Conference, Saxton Rivers, VT, June (1991).

6.      Sehgal, S.N.  Preclinical pharmacology of rapamycin.  Presented at Consultants' Meeting at American Society of Transplant Surgeons, Chicago, IL, May (1991).

7.      Carlson, R.P., Hartman, D.A., Sharma, R.N., Walter, T.L., Sehgal, S.N., and Weichman, B.M.  Oral effects of rapamycin (RAPA), cyclosporin A (CsA) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) on established adjuvant arthritis in rats.  European Society of Osteoarthrology, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, May (1992). 

8.      DiJoseph, J.F., Mihatsch, M.J., and Sehgal, S.N.  Effect of rapamycin on kidney function in the rat.  XIVth International Congress of the Transplantation Society, Paris, France, August (1992).

9.      Sehgal, S.N.  In vitro immunological profile of rapamycin.  Immunomodulating Drugs:  Synthesis, preclinical and clinical evaluation, Third International Conference on Drug Research in Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Washington, DC, June (1992).

10.    Sehgal, S.N.  Rapamycin, an immunosuppressive macrolide, preclinical pharmacology.  International Business Communications Conference on Organ & Cell Transplants, Cambridge, MA, July (1992).

11.    Bansbach, C.C., Wancio, D., Caccese, R.G., Shen, C.F., Sehgal, S.N.  Rapamycin's inhibition of thymocyte proliferation, unlike that of cyclosporin A or prednisolone, is not associated with cytotoxicity.  Third International Conference on Immunomodulating Drugs, Washington, DC, June (1992). 

12.    Carlson, R.P., Baeder, W.L., Caccese, R.G., Warner, L.M., Sehgal, S.N.  Effects of orally administered rapamycin in animal models of arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.  Third International Conference on Drug Research in Immunologic and Infectious Diseases,  Washington, DC, June (1992).

13.    Carlson, R.P., Hartman, D.A., Sharma, R.N., Walter, T.L., Sehgal S.N., Weichman BM:  Oral effects of rapamycin (RAPA) cyclosporin A (CsA) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) on established adjuvant arthritis in rats.  19th Symposium of the ESOA, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, May (1992).

14.    DiJoseph, J.F., Mihatsch, M.J., Sehgal, S.N.  Effect of rapamycin on kidney function in the rat.  XIV International Congress of the Transplantation Society, Paris, France, August (1992).

15.    DiJoseph, J.F., Mihatsch, M.J., Wojdan, A., Sehgal S.N.  Kidney effects of rapamycin at therapeutic doses.  25th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Nephrology, Baltimore, MD, November (1992).

16.    Molnar-Kimber, K., Caccese, R., Baeder, W., Warner, L., Yonno, L., Sehgal S.N.  Rapamycin inhibits the proliferation of tumor cell lines of T-cell, B-cell, hepatoma, melanoma, and CNS origins.  Fifth Annual Workshop on Cancer Research in New Jersey, Rider College, Lawrenceville, NJ, November (1992).

17.    Warner, L.M., Lewis, G.M., Weichman, B.M., and Sehgal, S.N.  Rapamycin inhibits lymphocyte proliferation in a popliteal lymph node model via an IL-2 independent mechanism.  Third International Conference on Drug Research in Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Washington, DC, June (1992).

18.    Sehgal, S.N.  Rapamycin as a probe for analyzing cellular immune responses.  Immunosuppressive and Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Orlando, FL, April (1993).

19.    Cromwell, J.W., Granger, D.K., Chen, S.C., Lovdahl, M.J., Reher, K.E., Goswitz, J.J., Morrow, D.T., Fluler, E.N., Latta, D.M., Horwatt, R.D., Beierle, F.A., Hicks, D.R., Sehgal, S.N., Canafax, D.L., Matas, A.J.  Oral rapamycin monotherapy prolongs renal allograft survival in a large animal model.  Amer. Assoc. Trans. Phys., June    , 1994 and XVth World congress of the Trans. Soc., Japan, August (1994).

20.    Sehgal, S.N., DiJoseph, J.F., Armstrong, J., Morrow, D.T., Latta, D.M.  Relationship between blood concentrations of rapamycin and its efficacious and toxic doses in rat. XVth World congress of the Trans. Soc., Japan, August (1994).

21.    Bansbach, C.C., Wancio, D., and Sehgal, S.N.:  Sirolimus (Rapamycin) inhibits mitogen stimulation of protein synthesis in primary lymphocytes.  IRA, 1994.

22.    Hartman , D.A., Ochalski, S.J., Zimmerman, J.L., Sehgal, S.N., and Carlson, R.P.:  Effects of different oral formulations of sirolimus (Rapamycin, Rapamune™) and combination therapy with cyclosporin A in the rat developing adjuvant arthritis model.  IRA, 1994.

23.    Warner, L.M., Cummons, T., Nolan, L. and Sehgal, S.N.:  Sub-therapeutic doses of sirolimus and cyclosporin A in combination reduce SLE pathologies in the MRL mouse.  IRA, 1994.

24.    Sehgal, S.N. :  Rapamycin- An overview/ Mechanism of Action.  I995 International Consensus Conference on Immunosuppressive Drugs,  Lake Louise, Alberta, May, 1995